Bulges and other deformations – are caused by:

• Foundation movement.
• Owners who have neglected the properties which will lead to rot with wall plates and joist ends.
• The bombing of London during the Second World War, adjacent bombs can cause ballooning of the external walling.
• The rear extensions’ side elevation walls were sometimes not sufficiently laterally restrained.
• The roofs were re-covered with heavier building materials.
• Structural walls were removed with no consideration.
• Loss of adhesion of the lime mortar at high level.
• Removal of cross walls and chimney breasts
• Inadequate returns of corners and wall
• Absence of restraints from intermediate floors
• Leaning walls
• Bulging walls
• Separation of internal walls from external walls
• Inadequate original construction details